Leadership and Overtime Incentives: Mental Health and Gen Z Job Satisfaction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25134/px3q1y32Keywords:
Empowering Leadership, Overtime Work, Overtime Incentives, Mental Health, Job Satisfaction, Generation ZAbstract
This study aimed to analyze the influence of empowering leadership, overtime work, and overtime incentives on the job satisfaction of Generation Z employees at Kuningan Regency, with employee mental health as a mediating variable. The research was motivated by the fluctuating employee turnover rate over the past three years and increasing challenges in managing Gen Z employees. A quantitative approach was used, employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through AMOS. A total of 156 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. The results showed that empowering leadership did not significantly affect mental health, but had a direct positive effect on job satisfaction. Overtime work had a positive effect on mental health but a negative effect on job satisfaction. Overtime incentives did not significantly affect mental health, but had both direct and indirect positive effects on job satisfaction through mental health. Mental health played a significant mediating role in the relationship between overtime work and overtime incentives with job satisfaction, but not in the relationship between empowering leadership and job satisfaction. The model demonstrated a good level of fit. These findings highlighted the importance of balanced management of overtime and incentives, as well as the critical role of mental health in improving Gen Z employee satisfaction.
References
Adams, R. J. (2019). Employee incentives and organizational performance. New York, NY: Springer.
Amundsen, S. (2015). Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.008
Amundsen, S. (2015). Empowering leadership: Construct clarification, conceptualization, and validation of a new scale. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.008
Arikunto, S. (2013). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. (dikutip dalam Jayusman, 2020)
Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 249–269
Arora, A., Dhar, R. L., & Aggarwal, N. (2017). The effect of long working hours on job satisfaction and turnover intention in the Indian IT sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(6), 863–885. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1116614
Baker, T., Smith, J., & Lee, R. (2019). Overtime incentives and employee motivation: A comprehensive review. Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(3), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jhrm.2019.10305
Brown, A., & Taylor, P. (2024). The Effects of Overtime Incentives on Job Satisfaction: Evidence from the Retail Sector. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 52(2), 123-135.
Chen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2022). The Role of Empowering Leadership in Job Satisfaction: Evidence from the Hospitality Sector. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(1), 45-60.
Choi, S. B., Kim, K., & Lee, H. W. (2019). Overtime work and the turnover intention: The mediating role of burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(7), 800–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2405
Courtright, S. H., Colbert, A. E., & Choi, D. (2011). Structural empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analytic review of the psychological mechanisms linking empowering leadership to positive employee outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022676
Courtright, S. H., Colbert, A. E., & Choi, D. (2011). Structural empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analytic review of the psychological mechanisms linking empowering leadership to positive employee outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022676
Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2020). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(1), 101377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101377
Fry, R. (2021). Gen Z and the future of work: What employers need to know. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Garcia, M., & Patel, R. (2022). Overtime Work, Mental Health, and Job Satisfaction: A Mediating Analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 37(4), 789-802.
Ghani, U., Qureshi, M. A., & Khan, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial incentives on employee motivation and job satisfaction in the service industry. Journal of Human Resource Management Research, 2014, Article ID 354813. https://doi.org/10.5171/2014.354813
Green, F., & McIntosh, S. (2018). Mental Health and Job Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Occupational Health, 60(2), 123-130.
Hakim, L., Nuraini, R., & Prasetyo, H. (2020). Manajemen sumber daya manusia: Pendekatan teori dan praktik. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Handoko, T. H. (2020). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Yogyakarta: BPFE.
Harshap, M. (2016). Manajemen sumber daya manusia dalam organisasi. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Hasibuan, M. S. P. (2021). Manajemen sumber daya manusia. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Johnson, T., & Lee, A. (2023). Overtime Work and Job Satisfaction: A Study of the IT Industry. Journal of Business Research, 145, 234-240.
Johnson, T., & Lee, A. (2023). Overtime Work and Job Satisfaction: A Study of the IT Industry. Journal of Business Research, 145, 234-240.
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.475
Kahn, W. A., Schneider, B., Jenkins-Hall, J., & Moynihan, L. M. (2018). Work demands and overtime: Impact on employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000073
Khan, M. A., Khan, S., & Khan, N. U. (2015). The effects of pay and non-pay incentives on employee satisfaction: Evidence from private sector organizations in Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 17(3), 44–54.
Khan, M. A., Khan, S., & Khan, N. U. (2015). The effects of pay and non-pay incentives on employee satisfaction: Evidence from private sector organizations in Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 17(3), 44–54.
Kim, H. J. (2016). Overtime work and employee well-being: The role of work-life balance and organizational support. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3018–3024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.005
Kim, H., Lee, J., & Park, S. (2018). Empowering leadership and employee mental health: The mediating role of work stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(7), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2237
Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., & Dysvik, A. (2017). Financial rewards and employee performance: The role of perceived fairness and intrinsic motivation. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(2), 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12145
Laschinger, H. K. S., Leiter, M. P., & Wong, C. A. (2021). Mental health and well-being in the workplace. New York, NY: Springer.
Maringka, R., & Kusnawi, K. (2021). Kesehatan mental dan pengaruhnya terhadap produktivitas kerja. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Meilasari, E. (2003). Manajemen sumber daya manusia: Teori dan praktik. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Xu, L. (2013). The impact of empowering leadership on job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(3), 629–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1543-1
Novari, R. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dalam Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2000). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.879
Praszkier, R. (2015). Empowering leadership: The process of collective capacity building. New York, NY: Routledge.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2018). Organizational behavior (17th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Septia, R., Putri, A., & Santoso, D. (2023). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan mental individu: Studi empiris. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sitorus, R. (2023). Kepuasan kerja dan motivasi karyawan. Medan: Pustaka Ilmu.
Smith, J., & Lee, R. (2023). The Role of Overtime Incentives in Job Satisfaction: A Mediating Effect of Mental Health. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 38(3), 456-470.
Smith, R., & Johnson, T. (2021). Overtime Pay and Employee Well-Being: A Study of the Manufacturing Sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(3), 456-470.
Spreitzer, G. (2017). "Empowering Leadership: A New Approach to Leadership." Journal of Leadership Studies
Spreitzer, G. M. (2017). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.5465/256865
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alphabet.
Sumarningsih, S. (2018). Manajemen waktu kerja dan produktivitas karyawan. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Sutrisno, Edy. (2020). Sumber Daya Manusia. Prenadameidia Group
Sutrisno. (2017). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (Kencana (ed.)
Wang, L., Chen, Y., & Zhao, H. (2020). Mental health and job satisfaction: The role of resilience in workplace performance. International Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000250
Wang, L., Chen, Y., & Zhao, H. (2020). Mental health and job satisfaction: The role of resilience in workplace performance. International Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000250
Wang, L., Chen, Y., & Zhao, H. (2020). Mental health and job satisfaction: The role of resilience in workplace performance. International Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000250
Wang, L., Chen, Y., & Zhao, H. (2020). Mental health and job satisfaction: The role of resilience in workplace performance. International Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000250
Wang, Y., & Liu, S. (2025). Empowering Leadership, Mental Health, and Job Satisfaction: A Mediated Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 110(2), 234-245
Widodo. (2019). Manajemen Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia. Pustaka Pelajar.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2016). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 59(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0034
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal of Strategic Management
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
